To test robustness of findings, they: (1) account for one - way trading frictions ranging from 0.02 % to 0.05 % across assets; (2) consider five subperiods to test consistency over time; and, (3) perform out - of - sample tests using the first part of each subperiod to select the best rules and roughly the last year to measure performance of these rules out - of - sample. (cxoadvisory.com)
Startling evidence for the lack of robustness in today's market comes from a 2013 Securities and Exchange Commission report that found order cancellation rates as high as 95 - 97 percent, a result of high - frequency traders playing their cat - and - mouse game. (tocqueville.com)
Results survived to the inclusion of neighbourhoods» socio - economic characteristics at a very fine level; furthermore, regulation regarding the borderlining practice, coupled with a series of robustness checks, ensured that a clear causal relationship can be established. (sciencedaily.com)