Those tiny changes create «noise» that builds up with distance, limiting the range of optical signals. (science.sciencemag.org)
For their work on the production of liquid crystal light valves used in large area productions displays of colour television and optical signal processing. (rankprize.org)
The light from subject falls on these sensors and they convert optical signals to electrical (digital) signals to be further processed by the camera. (suggestphone.com)