The integrated Earth System Model, or iESM, is being used to explore interactions among the physical climate system, biological components of Earth system, and human systems. (sciencedaily.com)
If we wish to reduce uncertainty in our estimates of future climate, governments must continue to invest in the basic science of the physical climate system.» (sciencemediacentre.org)
The physical climate system has great inertia, which is due especially to the thermal inertia of the ocean, the time required for ice sheets to respond to global warming, and the longevity of fossil fuel CO2 in the surface carbon reservoirs (atmosphere, ocean, and biosphere). (journals.plos.org)