Small size at birth is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, 1 including poor cognitive development, 2 an effect that is largely unconfounded by features of the family environment, such as socioeconomic status and birth order. (bmj.com)
Low levels of choline intake during pregnancy may contribute to poor cognitive development and birth defects, explaining why the AMA recommended evidence - based amounts of choline be included in all prenatal vitamins. (pregnancymagazine.com)
Despite a lack of symptoms, more than half of the children experienced stunted growth in the first two years of life, leading to irreversible damage and contributing to poor cognitive development, poor educational performance and reduced earning potential in adulthood, trapping individuals in a lifetime of poverty. (sciencedaily.com)