Finally, the observed relationships could simply reflect reverse causality. (educationnext.org)
As far as I can tell, all the evidence points in the direction of brains causing mind, but no evidence indicates reverse causality. (scientificamerican.com)
As calculations are based on DNA sequence data and not physical measurements, it can tease apart the genetically determined component of gene expression from the effects of the trait itself (avoiding reverse causality) and other factors such as environment. (uchospitals.edu)