The only governmental or quasi-governmental notes were those issued by the short - lived first and second Banks of the United States (whose shares were 80 % in private hands) and by state - government - owned commercial banks in a few frontier states. (alt-m.org)
Andrew Jackson expressed his vindictiveness toward the Second Bank of the United States by shutting it down. (michael-hudson.com)
~ Andrew Jackson, 1767 - 1845, 7th US President, when forcing the closure of the Second Bank of the US in 1836 by revoking its charter. (moneymorning.com)