Using a test array they installed in Richmond, California — with fiber - optic cable placed in a shallow L - shaped trench, one leg of about 100 meters parallel to the road and another perpendicular — the researchers verified that they could use seismic waves generated by urban traffic, such as cars and trains, to image and monitor the mechanical properties of shallow soil layers. (sciencedaily.com)
Dr Sam Clarke, who led the EPSRC - funded project, says: «Detonations of explosives in shallow soils are extremely complex events that involve the interaction of the shock waves with the surrounding soil, air and water. (sciencedaily.com)
Deeper soils not only experience less extreme seasonal variations in temperature, but the changes that do occur lag farther behind those of shallower soils. (builditsolar.com)