As this suggests, this method can only be used for the roughly 28 percent of students in my sample whose middle school changed its start time while they were enrolled. (educationnext.org)
However, we remain cautious with this interpretation, as we have no direct information regarding the details of the family environments for students in our sample. (educationnext.org)
Overall, students in our sample did relatively well on the final exam, but those who were prohibited from using Internet - connected devices during class did best. (educationnext.org)