Begin when your pet is calm and quiet, gently lifting up her lips and rubbing your finger tip along the outside surface of her gums. (doylestownveterinaryhospital.com)
Ulcers on the buccal (cheek side) surface of the gum tissue next to the teeth are common with severe tartar. (safarivet.com)
The saliva surrounding human gums, for example, had about five phages to every bacterial cell, while the ratio at the mucosal surface of the gum itself was closer to 40 to 1. (sciencemag.org)