For years, many surveillance practices were conducted in a legal void. (blog.politics.ox.ac.uk)
He covered the debates on Capitol Hill over authorizing the use of military force prior to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as the expansion of government surveillance practices arising from Congress» approval of the USA Patriot Act. (npr.org)
Privacy Shield replaces the prior Safe Harbor arrangement, which stood for fifteen years before being invalidated by Europe's top court after a legal challenge that was largely focused on US government mass surveillance practices as a breach of EU privacy rights. (beta.techcrunch.com)