Comparing how test scores change in the two kinds of states is similar to an experiment. (bushcenter.org)
With the evidence below I am exploring the largely imaginary scenario in which test scores changes can be attributed to schools or programs with confidence. (educationnext.org)
The fact that we can find a disconnect between test score changes and later life outcomes in any literature, let alone in several, should undermine our confidence in test scores as a reliable indicator. (educationnext.org)