Physical abuse represents any deliberate use of physical force against a child that constitutes a threat to the child's health, development, and self - respect. (child-encyclopedia.com)
Reduce use of physical force (aggressive behavior) by caregivers, child and, if relevant, other family members. (cebc4cw.org)
Graziano, Anthony M. and Namaste, Karen A., «Parental Use of Physical Force in Child Discipline — A Survey of 679 Students» in Journal of Interpersonal Violence Vol 5 No. 4. (cyc-net.org)