Its called the intrinsic value formula for stocks It can work for real estate. (thetruthaboutmortgage.com)
The present value formula provides very precise estimates of what stocks are worth when interest rates are known. (theconversation.com)
The total return is calculated using the comparative value formula in section EX 44 of the Income Tax Act 2004: (closing market value of shares held + total sales proceeds + dividends received)- (opening market value of shares held + total value of purchases) No tax is payable when the total return is nil or negative. (help.sharesight.com)