Past studies have shown that ET - 1 is the most potent, longest - lasting vasoconstrictor in humans, and it promotes the development of plaques inside the arteries. (sciencedaily.com)
Furthermore, an increased receptor mediated vasoconstrictor tone was recently found in middle aged males, which might be an additional contributor to lower cardiovascular risk in normoglycemic women (284). (academic.oup.com)
A recent study found that older individuals have up to 130 percent more endothelin - 1 in their blood than do younger people.8 That suggests that in the elderly, insulin may not be able to overcome elevated levels of the powerful vasoconstrictor ET - 1. (ironmanmagazine.com)