Conversely, theta oscillations have been correlated to various voluntary behaviors (exploration, spatial navigation, etc.) and alert states (goose bumps, etc.) in rats (Vanderwolf, 1969), suggesting that it may reflect the integration of sensory information with motor output (for review, see Bland & Oddie, 2001). (en.wikipedia.org)
Distinguished from Pavlovian Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning focuses on voluntary behavior explained by its consequences. (johnknowsdogs.com)