The research also showed that even when electric shock collars were used on dogs by professional trainers following an industry standard, there were still long term negative welfare effects. (marcthevet.com)
The primary justification for their proposal is that an inflation - rate target is costly because it does not permit long - run predictability of the price level, which has first - order welfare effects in their models. (rba.gov.au)
We show that a bubble that emerges in the value of housing, a durable asset that is fundamentally useful for everyone, has regressive welfare effects. (richmondfed.org)