They usually do that by reducing pay rates, increasing work intensity, or creating a more flexible workforce. (politics.co.uk)
We do not have measures of the father - child relationship, nor does our family level work intensity ratio indicate whether the job loss or reduction in working hours affected the mother or the father. (gov.scot)
As explained in Chapter 2, to investigate changes in employment at the family (household) level, we create a measure of Work Intensity Ratio (WIR). (gov.scot)