In addition to the benefit to educational opportunities, investments
in herbaria result in increased potential for further retrospective studies.
«A nonet of new plant species from Africa emphasizes the importance
of herbaria in botany.»
Botanists have been collecting, identifying, and storing plant specimens in
herbaria for centuries.
The researchers drew on lists of species published by botanists since the 17th century as well as data
from herbaria.
Decreases in nitrogen concentration have also been reported for
herbaria plant specimens in response to the increases in Ca during the twentieth century [50].
Other herbaria, most notably in the Netherlands and Sweden, have also put specimens online, but NYBG's is perhaps the most ambitious project yet — it's aiming for 75,000 specimens in the next few years.
The impact of
herbaria on research doesn't stop there though.
«It's especially important for
smaller herbaria to be able to search and access collections from larger institutions in order to broaden their studies.»
Using samples of centuries -
old herbaria and DNA analysis, the researchers reconstructed the genetic adaptations undergone by the Pyrenean rocket prior to its rapid spread in Belgium.
Specimen records were obtained from the Consortium of California Herbaria, a centralized portal accessing over 959,000 specimens from 16 herbaria [31].
One needs only to borrow specimens from the international network
of herbaria to appreciate what a limited sample exists for most taxa, particularly for collections made prior to 1950.
The colonization history of the Pyrenean rocket is well documented, explains postdoctoral researcher and corresponding author Katrien Vandepitte (Plant Conservation and Population Biology Research Group): «We found dried specimens of the Pyrenean rocket
in herbaria from the 19th and 20th centuries and were able to isolate DNA from these samples.
In their studies on phylogenetics and biogeography, Besnard and his colleagues have also sequenced DNA from preserved plants in
herbaria.
«Although for many of the new species good flowering material became available only recently, this does prove the importance of
herbaria, and the need for exploring their collections,» explains the lead author, PhD student Paul H. Hoekstra, Naturalis Biodiversity Center and Wageningen University.
The list of ecological questions that
herbaria can target is long, and includes biogeography, ethnobotany, tracking invasive species, plant diseases, and studying the impact of climate change on flowering times.