Kainz said that researchers have long faced a difficult problem when investigating the reasons behind
differences in reading development or other learning outcomes in segregated settings.
Kim is currently an assistant professor of teaching and learning at Florida State University, who focuses on the role that specific language skills
play in reading development, especially for children and adults who negotiate two languages.
Research to date has proposed four main variables
involved in reading development: phonological awareness, naming speed, orthographic knowledge, and morphological awareness.
For other children, further
ahead in their reading development, the practitioner considers which letters or words they can recognise or sound out, or their interest in and level of understanding of what they are reading.
Individual differences
in reading development: A review of 25 years of empirical research on Matthew effects in reading