The results showed that romantic involvement in adolescence, especially in early adolescence, was associated
with more depressive symptoms and behavior problems.
Major depression required participants to have five or
more depressive symptoms more than half the days in the past two weeks, while minor depression involved fewer than five, according to the study.
Girls tended to
show more depressive symptoms at follow - up assessments than did boys — while boys» symptoms seemed to decline from the initial assessment to follow - up, girls» symptoms did not.
Group one, those that made happiness a goal, reported 50 percent less frequent positive emotions, 35 percent less satisfaction about life and 75
percent more depressive symptoms.
These findings suggest older adolescents in our sample construed the maternal parenting styles firm control and psychological control as more similar than did their younger counterparts, which may have contributed to the tendency for firm control to be associated with
more depressive symptoms among older adolescents.
The two - way interaction age (or pubertal status) by gender (included in all models under test) was not significant; whereas it would be expected that girls report
more depressive symptoms as level of maturation (age / pubertal status) increases compared to boys.
The children of mothers and fathers who used harsh verbal discipline when they were 13
suffered more depressive symptoms between ages 13 and 14 than their peers who weren't disciplined in this way; they were also more likely to have conduct problems such as misbehaving at school, lying to parents, stealing, or fighting.
Higher scores indicated the presence
of more depressive symptoms (α =.70; M = 10.24; SD = 2.56 for child reports; α =.72; M = 10.31; SD = 2.51 for mother reports).
Previous studies have shown that adolescents with thriving social lives tend to be more psychologically healthy, while those that struggle with forming good friendships tend to perform worse academically and suffer
from more depressive symptoms.
Hopelessness is often regarded as depression - proneness and individuals with
more depressive symptoms generally show an increased risk for alcohol and tobacco use (e.g., Chaplin et al. 2009; Crum et al. 2008; Goodman and Capitman 2000).
Specifically, we hypothesized that participants who reported having a mother with higher levels of problems would report
more depressive symptoms if they also reported receiving low levels of support from their mother.
A higher score
indicates more depressive symptoms, and a score of 16 or higher is commonly used as the cutoff point for defining clinically significant depressive symptoms.25 Because the CES - D is a screening tool, it can not be used to make a definitive diagnosis of depression.
Cortical thinning is a normal aspect of brain development during early childhood, so Lebel says the findings suggest that the brain may be developing prematurely in children whose mothers
experience more depressive symptoms.
> «People who never married have 12 percent more mobility limitations and 13
percent more depressive symptoms, but report no difference in the number of chronic health conditions from married people.
Next to SR - rumination and stressors, pubertal status was modestly related to depressive symptoms (β =.06, p =.03), indicating that participants reported
more depressive symptoms as they perceived their pubertal status as higher.
Further, in a longitudinal investigation, Lee and colleagues [21] found that more frequent engagement in avoidant coping was associated
with more depressive symptoms over time, although they only tested one direction — from coping to depressive symptoms over time (see also [22]-RRB-.
Starting from early adolescence, girls
report more depressive symptoms (Bennik et al. 2014; Hankin et al. 1998), lower self - esteem levels (Fichman et al. 1996), higher levels of avoidance motivation (Jorm et al. 1998), higher levels of perceived social support from friends, and more friends than boys (Cheng and Chan 2004; Rueger et al. 2009).
Those who were socially isolated and / or lonely were more likely to have other underlying long term conditions and to be smokers, while those who were lonely reported
more depressive symptoms.
They found that adolescents with more socioeconomic adversities had
more depressive symptoms and higher BMIs initially and had worse trajectories over time.
Not surprisingly, women with minor children who reported lower household incomes, higher levels of financial strain and who lived in low socio - economic neighborhoods reported
more depressive symptoms than more affluent mothers.
Reitzel added, «Furthermore, the relationship between financial strain and poorer health may be influenced by both stress and depressive symptoms, such that financial strain may be linked to greater stress and
more depressive symptoms.»
Veterans with mild TBI with hormonal abnormalities had significantly poorer overall sleep quality,
more depressive symptoms and were more easily fatigued than were veterans with mild TBI and normal hormone levels, he noted.
A 2012 study from the University of Minnesota found that frequent self - weighing was linked to more weight - control behaviors (both healthy and unhealthy),
more depressive symptoms and lower self - esteem in women.
The study highlighted that students in military families experience
more depressive symptoms than non-military students, however, they were able to cope with deployment related stress when adults in their school provided them with emotional support and encouragement.
> «People who remarried have 12 percent more chronic conditions and 19 percent more mobility limitations, but
no more depressive symptoms, than those who are continuously married.»
Univariate analysis revealed that the risk factors associated with both lifetime DSH and SA were higher impulsivity, female gender, low school ranking, father's job status, not living with biological parents, family discord, low self - esteem, poor social support, currently smoking, more alcohol use and
more depressive symptoms (table 1).
Mothers who received the intervention reported
more depressive symptoms, but there was no increase in the proportion with clinically significant depression.
Hence, individuals experiencing
more depressive symptoms have poorer QoL and vice versa.