Much of the effort to explain the brain involves mapping the electrical signaling throughout the entire network
of nerve cell connections.
We are now able to look into the brain of an animal and see
how nerve cell connections are made or broken, and how that relates to learning or other adaptive changes.
Earlier studies by Darnell and others showed that FMRP manages the production of a slew of proteins found
at nerve cell connections called synapses.
It may, for example, partly account for the differences in brain structure and behavior between identical twins, and could even affect thought processes by subtly influencing the changes
in nerve cell connections that occur with experience.
In fact, research suggests aerobic exercise boosts the release of growth factors in the brain that spurs the development of
new nerve cell connections, especially in an area of the brain called the hippocampus.
Ben - Jacob points out that previous attempts to develop memories on brain cell cultures (neurons along with their supporting and insulating glial cells) have often involved stimulating the synapses (
nerve cell connections).
Disruptions to
these nerve cell connections are also believed to cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Huntington disease.
Now scientists at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine have shown that a protein called neurexin is required for
these nerve cell connections to form and function correctly.