Sentences with phrase «neutral atoms»

The team designed its technique to manipulate neutral atoms, which carry no electrical charge.

Scientists usually get around this problem by studying electrons within certain neutral atoms and molecules, in which internal fields far stronger than any external field can be induced.

The combination yields neutral atoms that can move freely through a magnetic field.

The material allows lithium ions to pass through it, but slows down and controls how the ions combine with electrons from the surface to become neutral atoms.

Secondly, neutral atoms decreased the differing rates or rotation which would normally reduce plasma turbulence and level out fusion.

The surprising discovery, described in the Feb. 3 issue of Science Express, * can boost the performance of experimental atomic clocks made of thousands or tens of thousands of neutral atoms trapped by intersecting laser beams.

These cooled and coalesced into neutral atoms within 400,000 years, beginning the cosmic dark age.

These particles, which physicists inject as neutral atoms, are ionized inside the plasma and increase its thermal energy.

The main obstacle to using neutral atoms as qubits has been that, unlike ions, they experience very weak forces and are not easily held in place.

Given the new knowledge, Ye believes his clock and others based on neutral atoms will become competitive in terms of accuracy with world - leading experimental clocks based on single ions (electrically charged atoms).

The PPPL code, called XGC, simulates behavior of the ions, electrons and neutral atoms in the transport barrier region — or «pedestal» — between the ultra-hot core of the plasma that fuels fusion reactions and the cooler and turbulent outer edge of the plasma.

This effect was previously unknown, because only electrically neutral atoms had been used in measuring half - lives.18

Last year the wait ended, when NASA launched the Imager for Magnetopause to Aurora Global Exploration spacecraft, which carries the Low Energy Neutral Atom (LENA) imager.

Theorists had predicted that about one in 10,000 of the solar wind's protons would snatch an electron from a passing neutral atom to become a neutral hydrogen atom itself.

This only ended when ultraviolet light from the first stars and giant black holes had once again ionised the fog of neutral atoms filling the universe.

The observations come from NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX), which detects neutral atoms that are sent streaming toward Earth after breaking free from the heliosheath.

Neutral atoms hovering over a chip's surface, due to their low strength for interactions with their environment, are ideal for quantum storage, and as emitters of photons for signal transmission.

To trap individual neutral atoms, the researchers first used a laser to cool a cloud of rubidium atoms to ultracold, near - absolute - zero temperatures, slowing the atoms down from their usual, high - speed trajectories.

«People have been able to trap many neutral atoms, but not in a way that you could form a regular structure with them.

Now, the team is investigating whether they can encourage neutral atoms to perform quantum gates — the most basic processing of information between two qubits.

Some of these particles are pinged back in toward the inner solar system as fast - moving neutral atoms, which can be measured by Cassini.

Li's team showed that during CRAND, cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere collide with neutral atoms, creating a splash that produces charged particles, including electrons, that become trapped by Earth's magnetic field.

«If the heliosphere's «tail» is stretched out like a comet, we'd expect that the patterns of the solar cycle would show up much later in the measured neutral atoms,» said Krimigis.

Unlike ions, neutral atoms do not repel each other, and they have inherently identical properties, unlike fabricated superconducting qubits.

So when the number of particles coming from the sun changes — usually as a result of its 11 - year activity cycle — it takes years before that's reflected in the amount of neutral atoms shooting back into the solar system.

On the Sun material is found in the form of plasma, a gaseous state where some electrons are stripped away from normally neutral atoms.

Here, we have an electron, binding neutral atoms.»

Using the extreme - scale XGC1 kinetic code for the modeling, researchers found that neutral atoms impact turbulence from IGT in a couple of ways.

For one, neutral atoms cool the plasma in the transport barrier or pedestal on the outside edge, increasing ITG.

However, none of these effects could be investigated until very recently, while only [electrically] neutral atoms were available in the laboratories.»

In the first basic - physics attempt to study the impact, PPPL physicist Daren Stotler, working under PPPL's C.S. Chang, used an extreme - scale computer code to model how the recycled neutral atoms tend to increase turbulence in detail that had never before been possible.

Then 400,000 years after the Big Bang, it expanded and cooled enough so that electrons and protons combined into neutral atoms, which no longer interacted with the surrounding radiation.

«The typical timescale for neutral atoms is about 10 microseconds, so you could do about 100,000 operations in a second.

and his colleagues came up with a third approach to building a quantum system, using neutral atoms — atoms that hold no electrical charge — as qubits.

Producing commercially relevant quantities involves the reduction in solution of positively charged metal ions to neutral atoms in the presence of organic molecules called ligands, which arrest the growth at a particular number of metal atoms.

The puffs, a source of neutral atoms that glow in response to density changes within a well - defined region, allowed researchers to see fluctuations in the density of the turbulence.

Neutral atoms, on the other hand, have no problem being in close proximity.

While others have demonstrated this between two neutral atoms, they have not been able to retain quantum gates in systems involving large numbers of atoms.

Cassini's new measurements of these neutral atoms revealed something unexpected — the particles coming from the tail of the heliosphere reflect the changes in the solar cycle almost exactly as fast as those coming from the nose of the heliosphere.

Another way is also possible: At a temperature of millions of degrees, the gas in the corona is highly ionized, that is, electrons are stripped off neutral atoms and move freely.

When it cooled to the point that neutral atoms could form, light was freed to fly through space unimpeded, and it became the CMB.

Even for a neutral atom, a momentary imbalance of charge — more of the atomic electrons» negative charge might appear to the left, say, leaving a positive preponderance on the right — will constitute an electric dipole, which in turn can attract an atom with a complementary dipole orientation.

But to a very small degree, the electron still feels the presence of the neutral atoms along its path.

It is scattered at the neutral atoms, but only very slightly, without ever leaving its orbit.

These neutral atoms can not be confined by a magnetic field, so they fly off, collide with surrounding matter and, within 1/10, 000 of a second, are annihilated.

The JILA strontium clock is currently the best performing experimental clock based on neutral atoms and, along with several NIST ion and neutral atom clocks, a possible candidate for a future international time standard.