The change
in water density per degree temperature is greater at high temperatures than at lower temperatures.
Wind, different temperatures, and
different water density, the latter caused by different amounts of salt content drive water movement.
This is the sea level rise due to a change in
sea water density, mostly due to thermal expansion and hence a measure of changing ocean heat.
The former are caused by faster water loss and higher cloud bottoms with warming and the latter by increased
cloud water density with warming.
The fact that
water density alone, at surface and even at depth would resist movement of «heat» downward is a physical property well observed.
«The range at which a ping can be heard depends on many environmental factors like background noise, changes
of water density that cause ping refraction and shielding by seabed features including the wreckage itself,» he warns.
Salinity
changes water density too and allows warmer more saline water to sink beneath colder fresher water.
The most common means of slowing AMOC involves the reduction of oceanic
surface water density via an increase in freshwater discharge to the North Atlantic.
Because different
water densities meet at the halocline and both organic and inorganic particulates accumulate there, it's an intriguing place, chemically speaking.
Rutgers University's RU27 — aka The Scarlet Knight, after the school's mascot — is gliding across the Atlantic via the Gulf Stream current, measuring temperature, salinity and
water density along the way, reports Wired.
In 16 ″ of snow with
medium water density the Grand Cherokee Trailhawk's 4X4 system was brilliant and the tires a superb choice by Jeep.
But, the flipside of this is that changes in the thermohaline circulation patterns can alter
local water densities, and hence local water volumes, i.e., local sea levels.
Wave energy then follows from the product
of water density, acceleration of gravity and wave variance.
These cycles now appear to result from interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets, and continental rivers that influence thermohaline circulation (the pattern of ocean currents driven by differences
in water density, salinity, and temperature, rather than wind).
Of course convection occurs only during a few days in the year when the highest
surface water densities can be reached, but the THC operates on longer time scales, it responds to the mean fluxes sustained over a number of years.
The secret is in
the water densities.
They analyzed data collected from 1981 to 2015 by the local Ruhr region agency that monitors drinking water, and were able to document the rising carbon dioxide levels over time by factoring in changes in temperature,
water density, pH, ion species distribution and total inorganic content.
«Instead, we saw peaks in
the water density and, a couple of hours later, in the carbon dioxide measurements.»
A previous study by Zhang showed that changes in
water density could explain the remaining increase.
Not only is it a party in your mouth, but it's also a gift to your gut due to its high nutrient content,
water density, and prebiotic nature.
The altimeter data provides a measure of the heat and salt content of the water, but because
the water density is a complicated non-linear function of temperature and salinity, it is difficult to invert the measurements to infer the salinity.
We saw in Section 2 that
water densities (and hence volume) are quite variable throughout the oceans.
sea level changes induced by changes in
water density are called steric.
Sea level change - Sea level can change, both globally and locally, due to (i) changes in the shape of the ocean basins, (ii) changes in the total mass of water and (iii) changes in
water density.
I used
this water density calculator to create the graph below showing how one kilogram of sea water expands with temperature.