Studies included in these reviews adopt variable measures of father involvement, do not always account for maternal involvement, and do not take account of the possible bidirectionality of associations between father involvement and children's socio - emotional wellbeing over time. (gov.scot)
A review of 25 years of research in bidirectionality in parent — child relationships. (cambridge.org)
He wrote a book on time - series analysis to explain these methods to psychologists, and developed some new methods for analyzing dominance and bidirectionality with James Ringland. (gottman.com)