Parental induction, warm responsiveness, and less frequent use of physical punishment generally were associated with higher levels of moral regulation and fewer externalizing problems. (link.springer.com)
Parent groups trained in Active Parenting indicated a lesser likelihood of using physical punishment techniques on their children and had an improvement in clinically severe parent - child relationship problems. (activeparenting.com)
Some authors emphasized the associations between physical punishment in childhood and one or more of a range of negative outcomes, including aggression, antisocial behaviour, depression, adult violence and other crime. (cmaj.ca)