«But, herbivores can evade plant defenses by using symbiotic bacteria that deceive the plant into perceiving an herbivore threat as microbial, suppressing the plant's
defenses against herbivores.»
In return for room and board, mutualistic Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus ants become bodyguards, protecting their
host against herbivores and competing plants.
Germinating quickly, growing fast, withstanding competitors and
defending against herbivores — already since decades, ecologists have suggested that these are important characteristics of successful plants.
At the same time, the scientists conducted several greenhouse experiments to assess, as accurately as possible, the characteristics of each species — from seed mass and germination rate to the speed of growth, the competitive ability and the
resistance against herbivores, like caterpillars.
The hairs in turn generate electrical impulses that somehow stimulate glands in the trap to produce jasmonic acid — the same signal that noncarnivorous plants use to initiate defensive
action against herbivores.
At each site Meyerson and Cronin measured plant biomass and
defenses against herbivores and quantified insect damage by galling, chewing and sucking (aphids) insects to measure the effects of herbivory on Phragmites fitness.
Curcumin is not essential for the growth and survival of turmeric, rather it is a natural phenol which defends the
plant against herbivores, a feature it shares with other secondary metabolites, which are often used in medicine or as food additives.
Like many other plants, dandelions produce secondary metabolites to protect
themselves against herbivores.
Then, and as a consequence of this, there are native to Cedros herbivores, which on one hand compete with the goat population for food and presumably have kept it from increasing beyond carrying capacity, and on the other hand forced the native plants to keep their defenses
against herbivores, unlike plants on megaherbivoreless islands which tend to lack those defenses.