The heartworm is a type of
filarial worm, a small thread - like worm, that causes filariasis.
While medications currently exist to treat lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, the two main diseases caused by
filarial nematodes, the drugs are insufficient to eliminate the diseases by 2020 and researchers project that resistance will arise to some of the drugs.
Point - of - care quantification of blood - borne
filarial parasites with a mobile phone microscope
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is caused by a species
of filarial round worms, or nematodes, transmitted by mosquitoes.
Clinical samples from two groups of individuals from the south Pacific island of Mauke and from Ecuador — one group infected
with filarial worms causing lymphatic filariasis and a second group infected with intestinal roundworms Ascaris — revealed increased levels of resistin in the infected individuals compared to those who were uninfected or immune.
Mak JW, Yen PK, Lim KC, Ramiah N. (1980) Zoonotic implications of cats and dogs
in filarial transmission in Peninsula Malaysia.
Most filarial nematodes are hosts to Wolbachia bacteria, and require the bacteria for their own development, reproduction, and survival.
Parasitic worms, known scientifically as helminths,
include filarial worms and hookworms.
Adult filarial worms commonly show up as long serpentine tracts under the skin.
External mites (acariasis) are not a big problem in chameleons so I will limit this discussion to intestinal parasites, hemoparasites (in the blood) and lungworms, with a brief mention of
subcutaneous filarial worms.
The mosquito - borne parasite Dirofilaria immitis is known to infect multiple species, including dogs, cats, ferrets, wolves, coyotes, foxes, sea lions, and even humans.1 Canids, including dogs, are the definitive hosts, while cats are viewed as aberrant or atypical hosts.1 Unlike dogs, in North and South America, D immitis is the
only filarial disease that infects cats.2
Dirofilaria repens is a
zoonotic filarial nematode parasite of dogs, cats and wild carnivores transmitted by mosquitoes (Pampiglione et al., 1995).
Filarial nematodes — microscopic, thread - like roundworms — currently infect up to 54 million people worldwide and are the leading cause of disability in the developing world.
«
Filarial nematode infections: Symbiotic relationship between bacteria and filarial nematodes.»
Until now, the molecular details of the relationship between
the filarial nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria have been poorly understood.
Efforts to eliminate onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis in Central Africa through mass drug administration have been suspended because of ivermectin - associated serious adverse events, including death, in patients infected with
the filarial parasite Loa loa.
Heartworm (HW) infection is caused by
a filarial organism, Dirofilariaimmitis.
But they do know that
another filarial parasite of humans, Onchocerca volvulus, is very similar to the dog heartworm.
It typically starts with the bite from a mosquito that carries
the filarial organism.