Specifically, IRB Protocol 4344 authorizes acquisition
of human breast tissue from the patients recruited in Stanford University Hospital and Clinics and City of Hope National Medical Center (COH), Los Angeles, then documented and delivered by Stanford Tissue Bank.
Working
with human breast tissue, the new study's authors attempted to induce EMT in normal cells; they figured they would just get fibroblasts, a type of connective tissue that is important in wound healing.
Using 11 normal
human breast tissue samples and 14 invasive cancer tissue samples, the researchers identified eight genes that were frequently repositioned in cancer specimens.
Aiding their new research, Semenza says, was the knowledge that whereas the air we breathe is 21 percent oxygen, oxygen levels average around 9 percent in
healthy human breast tissue but only 1.4 percent in breast tumors.
In vitro studies include single molecule measurements of polarity complexes using TIRF microscopy and CRISPR gene - editing; genome - wide CRISPR screens for genes that regulate homeostais; 3D culture of mammary gland organoids;
human breast tissue organotypic cultures; and renal epithelial cysts.
The researchers measured the amount of BRCA1 mRNA — the intermediate step between the gene and the protein it encodes — produced in samples
of human breast tissue.
Rudensky's team compared Tregs in
normal human breast tissues with those found in untreated breast tumors, and found that Tregs in tumors were capable of more potent and aggressive immunosuppressive action.
This phantom mimics the response of
human breast tissue to test the performance of MRI systems, and it may be used to ensure quality control when comparing images within and between medical research studies.
According to the Journal of Applied Toxicology, research also suggests parabens may enable development of cancer in
human breast tissue.