The current study examined the associations between parents» response to temperament (mothers and fathers» encouraging or discouraging negative affectivity and surgency, and rewarding effortful control or
punishing low effortful control) and toddlers» temperament display (negative affectivity, surgency, and effortful control).
The cumulative risk scale for temperament, for example,
included low effortful control, high surgency, and high frustration (referring to the three temperamental risk factors from Table 2).
In comparison, RA has been associated with hostile attributions toward potential sources of threats or pain [36, 37], low effortful control [38, 39], and generally to deficits in executive functioning [40, 41].
The results show that high levels of frustration / negative affect in the 1 — 3 year - old group and
low effortful control in children 3 to 6 years old are the most relevant variables in differentiating between aggressive and non-aggressive subjects.
2 - mothers» encouraging negative affectivity,
punishing low effortful control, and discouraging effortful control were positively associated with toddlers» negative affectivity and effortful control, and negatively associated with surgency.
Children
with low effortful control and high negative affect may especially benefit from having parents who accurately perceive their emotional understanding.
Extraversion / surgency and
low effortful control have also been associated with the development of behaviour problems.
Extraversion / surgency and
low effortful control have also been associated with the development of behaviour problems.
Both familial loadings were associated with Frustration,
low Effortful Control, and Fear.
Frustration acted as a general risk factor predicting severity of maladjustment;
low Effortful Control and Fear acted as dimension - specific risk factors that predicted a particular type of psychopathology; whereas Shyness, High - Intensity Pleasure, and Affiliation acted as direction markers that steered the conditional probability of internalizing versus externalizing problems, in the event of maladjustment.
This program targets callous / unemotional traits and
low effortful control, which are indicators of a developmental trajectory toward antisocial or disruptive behaviors.
For temperament, we predicted that high negative affectivity, high surgency and
low effortful control would be associated with higher ODD - related problems.
In addition, there was a significant difference between mothers and fathers on punishment of
low effortful control and discouraging surgency, favoring fathers.
Temperament could be implicated in the development of ADHD.54 The link could be mediated through extreme approach tendencies or
low effortful control and through some negative parenting resulting from ADHD symptoms.20, 21 As for the sex of the child, it is well documented that boys are more susceptible to neurodevelopmental disorders and other disruptive behaviors (among which is ADHD) from early childhood.55
For example,
low effortful control, high surgency, high frustration, high parental stress and low academic performance increased the likelihood of serious delinquents, but had no effect on minor delinquents.
Early - adolescents» pure externalizing and co-occurring problems shared childhood and / or early - adolescent risk factors of
low effortful control, high impulsivity, and high anger.