Sentences with phrase «effector proteins»
Effector proteins are like tiny workers inside living cells. They carry out specific tasks that help the cells function properly. These proteins act as messengers, transmitting signals and triggering various actions or reactions in the cell. Overall, effector proteins play a crucial role in controlling the activities of cells and maintaining their normal function. Full definition
This intimate contact allows translocation of effector proteins by the SPI1 - T3SS.
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This de novo differentiation process greatly depends on nematode - derived plant hormone mimics or manipulation of plant hormonal pathways caused by effector proteins present in the nematode spit.»
Further insight into the basic details of CRISPR - Cas structure, functions, and biology — and characterization of new Cas effector proteins in particular — is crucial for optimizing and further expanding the diverse applications of CRISPR - Cas systems.
«Parasite proteins prompt immune system to fight off ovarian tumors in mice: Effector proteins secreted by Toxoplasma gondii upon infection trigger antitumor immune response.»
Over evolutionary time, the bacterial and plant populations have engaged in an arms race, where the bacteria evolve new effector proteins to help them sneak in, while the plant acquires new defense proteins to uncover and respond to the attack.
In this pathway, dopamine - and an adenosine 3 ′, 5 ′ - monophosphate (cAMP)-- regulated phospho - protein of 32 kilodaltons (DARPP - 32) is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated at three sites, in a pattern predicted to cause a synergistic inhibition of protein phosphatase — 1 and concomitant regulation of its downstream effector proteins glycogen synthesis kinase — 3 (GSK - 3), cAMP response element — binding protein (CREB), and c - Fos.
Their results demonstrate that specific rhoptry and dense granule effector proteins that T. gondii secretes before and after host cell invasion, respectively, control the development of an effective host antitumor response, and increase the survival of mice with ovarian tumors.
The final component in this long series of signal sequences is the Yorkie effector protein that is the decisive factor at the end of the Hippo signaling pathway and determines the start of reactivation, growth, and division in the stem cells.
Previous research has already shown that the protein YscU plays an important part in the regulation of effector protein transportation.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and many similar bacteria infect humans by injecting toxins, so - called effector proteins, through a needle - like organelle called injectisome.
The scientists focused on certain genes that make effector proteins.
For example, we discovered how the protein phosphatase calcineurin and its downstream effector protein NFAT act synergistically with the transcription factor MEF2 at transcriptional enhancer elements of selected genes, such as myoglobin, to medicate adaptive mechanisms by which skeletal myofibers acquire specialized contractile and metabolic properties in response to changing patterns of muscle contraction.
Carsten Schnatwinkel (Zerial, MPG)-- «Characterization of novel Rab5 effector proteins in the endocytic pathway» (2004)
«Most of the signals that people are working with and identifying right now are the most abundant signals — the main effector proteins,» says Klemke.
In order to find these elusive effector proteins, Klemke and Wang are using a technique that Klemke has developed over the last decade for looking specifically at the leading edge of a migratory cell.
Loss of the methyl lysine effector protein PHF20 impacts the expression of genes regulated by the lysine acetyltransferase MOF.
Moreover, recent studies show that T. gondii can deliver effector proteins into cells that it does not invade [33], [34], and that these proteins can manipulate host cells without active parasite replication [35].
This fragment contains genes with domains homologous to eukaryotic proteins (putative Wolbachia effector proteins) and many proteins possibly involved in DNA repair and processing.
Helicobacter pylori effector protein CagA activates the signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway: a potential mechanism for gastric cancer development.
By testing various effector proteins, the researchers found that one called HopAD1 could trigger ETI.
5/24/2007 How Plague - Causing Bacteria Disarm Host Defense Effector proteins are the bad guys that help bacterial pathogens do their job of infecting the host by crippling the body's immune system.
It delivers its virulence factors, also termed effector proteins, to infected cells via two type III secretion systems, SPI - 1 and SPI - 2.
These effector proteins and other small molecules in their spit cause the root cell to forego normal processes and create a huge feeding site called a syncytium.
They systematically deleted genes for secreted effector proteins — molecules that the parasite injects into a host cell to modulate the immune system during infection — and injected the altered parasites into mice with aggressive ovarian cancer.
«The newly discovered mechanism for mitochondrial cell death is by the effector protein BOK which is normally targeted for destruction at the endoplasmic reticulum,» said Doug Green, Ph.D., chair of the St. Jude Department of Immunology and corresponding author of the study.
Some of these proteins attach the bacterium to the cells in plant roots, while others — the effector proteins — allow it to infect plant cells.
However, all in all, a lot of basic research still needs to be carried out to fully understand the disease process: XopH is only one of a total of more than 35 effector proteins that bacteria inject into plants to colonise them.
Activity of the effector proteins result in effacement of the brush border, induction of massive membrane ruffles and formation of novel reticular F - actin structures in a highly dynamic manner.
We have identified and characterized its effector proteins, and reconstituted them in synthetic endosomes capable of efficient membrane fusion, comparable to the purified organelles.
Because treatment with rapamycin also led to decreased AKT phosphorylation in ALK + ALCL cells in our in vitro study, it is tempting to speculate that an effector protein downstream of mTOR - raptor may contribute directly or indirectly to AKT activation.
The arms race has created an incredibly complex and interconnected system involving more than 30 effector proteins.
We focus on the interactions of the globally important staple crop rice with Xanthomonas oryzae, in which transcription activator - like (TAL) effector proteins of the bacterium play an important role.
But like a skilled jewel thief, the bacterium can outwit PTI by using its effector proteins.
In a study in Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, Xiaoyun Liu and colleagues at Peking University applied quantitative secretome profiling to catalogue the effector proteins delivered by SPI - 1.