Sentences with phrase «volcanic sulfate»
"Volcanic sulfate" refers to a type of chemical compound that is formed when volcanoes release sulfur gases during eruptions. These gases react with oxygen and other elements in the atmosphere, creating sulfur compounds known as sulfates. Full definition
These intervals are often analyzed for volcanic sulfate by ice core scientists.
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The many spikes are volcanic sulfate aerosols, markers of past volcanic eruptions.
Figure 4: The annual and decadal land surface temperature from the BerkeleyEarth average, compared to a linear combination of volcanic sulfate emissions and the natural logarithm of CO2.
In the 1970s, researchers discovered volcanic sulfates in a most unlikely location: below the icecaps of Greenland and Antarctica.
The original publication: Toohey, M., K. Krüger and C. Timmreck (2013), Volcanic sulfate deposition to Greenland and Antarctica: A modeling sensitivity study, J. Geophys.
The volcanic events associated with these intervals caused global weather and climate phenomena and are often used by climate modelers as well to understand volcanic sulfate loading on the climate.
Recent observations indicate that the greenhouse gas forcing in the 21st century was smaller mainly due to increased light - blocking volcanic sulfates and a weaker - than - expected solar cycle.
To identify the effects of human activity on temperature, we simulate the model (estimation sample 1960 — 1998) with post 1998 values of solar insolation, SOI, and volcanic sulfates held at their 1998 level while allowing greenhouse gas concentrations and sulfur emissions to evolve as observed.
Figure 2: The decadal land surface temperature from the BEST average (black), compared to a linear combination of volcanic sulfate emissions and the natural logarithm of CO2 (red).
Observed temperature (black line), the out - of - sample forecast for global surface temperature driven by anthropogenic changes in radiative forcing (red line) and the out - of - sample forecast for global surface temperature driven by natural variables (solar insolation, SOI, and volcanic sulfates)(green line).
Conversely, holding greenhouse gas concentrations and sulfur emissions at their 1998 values and allowing solar insolation, SOI, and volcanic sulfates to evolve as observed generates a forecast that is consistent with the observed pattern of temperature change.
Time series for solar insolation (18), SOI (19), and the radiative forcing of volcanic sulfates (20) are updated with values from sources that are used to generate the original dataset.
The 95 % confidence intervals in Figs. 2 and 3 represent uncertainty in the statistical estimates of the regression model for observed paths of forcings, SOI, and volcanic sulfates.
That same reference finds that the statistical estimates for the temperature effect of volcanic sulfates and ENSO (and effects of ENSO on atmospheric CO2) are consistent with estimates derived from climate models and empirical analyses.