"Eccentric contraction" refers to a type of muscle movement where the muscle lengthens while it is still being contracted, or in simpler terms, when a muscle is stretched while it is working.
Full definition
We're talking
eccentric contraction of muscles so they are both the primary muscle (s) in the initiation and completion of a motion, while ALSO lengthening the muscle in the process.
It was once believed that the size principle was not respected
in eccentric contractions, and that high threshold motor units were recruited earlier than low threshold motor units (Enoka, 1996).
And studies using functional MRI measures have shown that the amount of cortical brain area used is greater
during eccentric contractions than in concentric contractions (Yao et al. 2014), while functional connectivity between the primary motor cortex and other parts of the brain is reduced (Yao et al. 2016).
Most people underestimate the importance of eccentric training because they don't know that there is more mechanical load per motor unit during the eccentric phase of an exercise, and the reason for this is that
eccentric contraction involves fewer motor units.
The findings of these studies indicate that
eccentric contractions require more cortical preparation, planning and execution of movements, more feedback information processing, and a longer onset time to transmit control strategies to the motor unit.
This loads the leg by rapidly forcing its muscles to stretch and undergo
rapid eccentric contraction (Just think of compressing the coils of a strong and stiff spring).
However, isometric force is greater than expected when contractions
follow eccentric contractions compared to when they follow concentric contractions at the same muscle length (e.g. Morgan et al. 2000).
As you go through the following exercises remember what you've just read about «Work = Force x Distance» and the importance of
SLOW eccentric contraction to get the most fat burning (and strength) benefit from these bodyweight exercises.
Too often, exercise is done just in a concentric (shortening of the muscle) contraction with little to no thought of lengthening the muscle while in a contracted state (
eccentric contraction property).
I lift weights instead, but I have my spotting partner lower the weights for me
as eccentric contractions will give me cancer long - term.
Bourne et al. (2015) found that the Nordic hamstring curl produced preferentially higher semitendinosus EMG amplitude; but again, Zebis et al. (2013) did not report any preferential activation; Mendiguchia et al. (2013a) reported preferential biceps (short head) activation; and Ditroilo et al. (2013) reported that biceps femoris EMG amplitude exceeded maximum
voluntary eccentric contraction levels by some margin.
The greatest difference in strength -
favoring eccentric contractions is seen when both eccentric and concentric contractions are performed at a high velocity.
The combination of these angles leads to a contraction of the hamstrings at moderate - to - long muscle lengths, although obviously the
important eccentric contraction of the hamstrings that occurs in the swing phase is at fairly long muscle lengths (Nagano et al. 2014)
«Eccentric training has been shown to produce greater muscle hypertrophy than concentric training as a result of greater ability for maximal force generating capacity
during eccentric contractions.»
Even though you are stronger
in eccentric contractions than in concentric contractions, you recruit only half the fibers when lowering a load, hence the actual tension on the muscle recruited is double.
It may be argued that by performing exercises in this manner one misses the benefit of a
rapid eccentric contraction, but a healthy athlete with a slightly reduced training effect always beats an injured athlete with any training effect.
This means 1 second «explosive» concentric contraction (usually the push or pull), 1 second pause at top (or bottom), and 6 -
second eccentric contraction (lowering).
(
An eccentric contraction occurs when the powerful work of a muscle happens while it is lengthening rather than shortening.)
That being said, the method does not differentiate among concentric, isometric and
eccentric contractions, which are all included in a traditional set.
An example of
an eccentric contraction is when you lower the weight of a dumbbell during a bicep curl, as the muscle is being elongated while it is engaged.
Multiple studies have found that
eccentric contractions are an untapped source of insane muscle growth.
-- Cable Pushdown: perform one set of 50 reps with light weight and fast tempo on both the concentric and
eccentric contractions.
The downward phase of a push - up involves
an eccentric contraction of the chest muscles, which is immediately followed by a strong concentric contraction to push back up and clap the hands.
These often involve medicine balls which when caught require
an eccentric contraction to control the motion, followed by a concentric contraction to throw the ball back.
Eccentric contractions are the opposite of concentric contractions.
Eccentric contractions are much more challenging on the muscle and so should be used in the late stages of rehabilitation only.
This helps to develop power in the quadricep muscles (amongst others) as landing into a squat position involves
an eccentric contraction of the quads to decrease rapid knee bending, before a concentric contraction to straighten the knees and jump up.
With this in mind, it makes no sense to have such a short,
eccentric contractions.
So, the next time you train arms, target one of the exercises to lengthen
the eccentric contraction.
A plyometric exercise is one that has an explosive concentric contraction (shortening of the muscle) preceded by
an eccentric contraction (lengthening of muscle).
Since fewer motor units are involved during
an eccentric contraction (because of the passive resistance offered by the cross bridges), there is more mechanical load per motor unit in an eccentric contraction.
Eccentric contractions in unprepared muscles can cause micro traumas to the muscle that result in soreness.
While all kinds of muscular contraction can cause soreness,
eccentric contraction — where the muscle lengthens as it contracts — most often leads to DOMS, according to Mike.
Although it is widely accepted that peak force is only reached after around 250 — 300ms, the reality is that this only applies to isometric and
eccentric contractions.
And titin seems to be responsible for many of the unique behaviors of
eccentric contractions, including residual force enhancement (Shalabi et al. 2016).
In contrast,
eccentric contractions can make use of both active and passive elements (Herzog, 2014).
Additionally, following
an eccentric contraction - induced muscle injury, complete ruptures (transections) of single muscle fibers can occur.