Sentences with word «geniculate»

5 - HT3A - driven GFP is expressed in geniculate ganglion neurons that innervate the tongue.

Similar to other in vitro studies (Barann et al., 1997; Barann et al., 2000; Rüsch et al., 2007), pentobarbital inhibited 5 - HT induced calcium responses in geniculate ganglion neurons [n = 10 cells (n = 5 for 150 μm pentobarbital), F (1,24) = 105.66, p < 0.001 one - way repeated - measures ANOVA; Figure 7D, E].

Similar to the results from in situ hybridization, a subset of geniculate ganglion cells displayed bright GFP fluorescence (Fig. 2A).

Specifically, they have found evidence of processing in the human lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a small node in the thalamus in the middle of the brain that relays nerve impulses from the retina to the primary visual cortex.

This image shows the localization of the human lateral geniculate nucleus, using high - resolution functional MRI (orange) and anatomical MRI (green).

GABAergic feedforward projections from the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body.

E, ATP (circles) and 5 - HT (triangles) dose — response curves for 5 - HT3AGFP - expressing geniculate ganglion cells.

The corticofugal projection from 12 auditory cortical fields onto the medial geniculate body was investigated in adult cats by using wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase or

Abbreviations: DLL, Nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars lateralis; Gld, dorsolateral geniculate complex; LdOPT, Nucleus lateralis dorsalis nuclei optici principalis thalami; Rt, Nucleus rotundus; SPC, Nervus superficialis parvocellularis; SpRt, Nucleus suprarotundus; TSM, Tractus septomesencephalicus.

The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth - and movement - selective components from the magnocellular.

C, D, Ca2 + signals from GFP + geniculate ganglion cells in response to 10 μm ATP, 10 μm ATP + 1 μm ODS, 10 μm 5 - HT, 10 μm 5 - HT + 1 μm ODS, and 55 mm KCl (C) or 10 μm ATP, 10 μm CPG, 10 μm CPG + 1 μm ODS, and 55 mm KCl (D).

Approximately 25 % of all WT geniculate neurons (5/19; Fig. 5) responded to exogenous 5 - HT with an increase in intracellular calcium, whereas no neurons from 5 - HT3AKO mice responded (0/25, p = 0.011, Fisher's exact test; Fig. 5).

We next tested the responsiveness of GFP - expressing and GFP - nonexpressing geniculate ganglion neurons to exogenously applied 5 - HT.

Normalized responses of Fura -2-AM loaded geniculate ganglion neurons revealed that a subset (solid circles; 5/19) of WT neurons were activated by 10 μm 5 - HT; no neurons from 5 - HT3AKO animals (open circles; 0/25) responded to 5 - HT, yet all responded to 10 μm ATP and 55 mm KCl.

Because all taste fibers express the P2X3 purinergic receptor (Ishida et al., 2009; Vandenbeuch et al., 2015), we immunoreacted geniculate ganglion sections from 5 - HT3AGFP mice with antibodies against GFP (to amplify 5 - HT3AGFP signal) and against P2X3.

Biophysical properties and responses to glutamate receptor agonists of identified subpopulations of rat geniculate ganglion neurons

In addition, we tested whether other 5 - HT receptors were upregulated after genetic deletion of 5 - HT3 by measuring 5 - HT responses in isolated geniculate ganglion neurons of WT and 5 - HT3AKO mice.

D, Example Fura -2-loaded geniculate ganglion neuron response to 10 μm ATP, 10 μm 5 - HT, 10 μm 5 - HT + 800 μm pentobarbital, and 55 mm KCl.

A novel and robust projection from gamma - aminobutyric acid - containing (GABAergic) inferior colliculus neurons to the media] geniculate body (MGB) was discovered in the cat using axoplasmic transport

The stem is erect or geniculate at the base, the sheathes being smooth and cylindrical.

A, Confocal Z - projection of 10 0.7 μm optical slices of geniculate ganglion from a 5 - HT3AGFP mouse showing expression of GFP (green) and P2X3 (magenta).

It now looks like they have their lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)-- part of the thalamus in the middle of the brain — to thank for this «blindsight».

Searching for answers, Shatz decided to focus on the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a clump of tissue shaped like a piece of elbow macaroni, set behind each eyeball, that serves as a relay station shunting visual signals to the ocular dominance columns.

Expression of 5 - HT3A mRNA in geniculate ganglia as demonstrated by RT - PCR and in situ hybridization.

To further understand the mechanism by which pentobarbital affects chorda tympani responses, we applied pentobarbital to isolated 5 - HT3AGFP - expressing geniculate ganglion neurons.

D, Confocal Z - projections of geniculate ganglion from 5 - HT3AGFP mice 5 d after FluoroGold injection showing expression of GFP (green) and FluoroGold label (FG; magenta).

These signals, known as PGO waves, originate in the visual cortex and in two other visual regions of the brain: the pons and the lateral geniculate nucleus.

When they tracked the cells» axons from the eye into the brain, they saw that many of them terminated in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the first relay station in the brain for visual information.

At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution.

They hooked a potential receptor, serotonin 3, to green fluorescent protein and showed that the nerve terminals in the mouse tongue have serotonin 3 receptors, and these receptors are made by the nerve cells located in the geniculate ganglion.

Those nerve fibers are the ends of cells located in the geniculate ganglion, a ball of cells nestled up against the ear canal on the side of your head.

In both primates and rodents, messages from the two eyes enters the brain through a small structure called the lateral geniculate nucleus or LGN, which is made of slivers of nerve cells, arranged like sponge in a layer cake.

A, RT - PCR showing the presence of 5 - HT3A transcripts in brain and geniculate ganglion of WT mice, but the lack of 5 - HT3A mRNA in geniculate ganglion of 5 - HT3AKO mice.

A, B, Ca2 + signals from GFP + (A) and GFP − (B) geniculate ganglion cells in response to 10 μm ATP, 10 μm 5 - HT, and 55 mm KCl.

Z - stack images of taste buds and geniculate ganglia were collected on an Olympus Fluoview FV300 laser scanning confocal microscope with a 60 × oil - immersion objective [numerical aperture (NA) 1.3] and 20 × oil - immersion objective (NA 0.7) or on a Leica TCS SP5 laser scanning confocal microscope with a 63 × oil - immersion objective (NA 1.4).

We identified «healthy» cells by a response to 10 μm ATP because all geniculate ganglion neurons express P2X - type purinergic receptors (Ishida et al., 2009; Vandenbeuch et al., 2015).

Consistent with GFP expression in the geniculate ganglion, most taste buds innervated by the geniculate ganglion contained some GFP - labeled intragemmal nerve fibers.

In mice expressing GFP under the control of the 5 - HT3A promoter, a subset of cells in the geniculate ganglion and nerve fibers in taste buds are GFP - positive.

Geniculate ganglia were rapidly excised from CO2 - euthanized mice and placed in enzyme solution [minimum essential medium with Earle's balanced salts (MEM / EBSS; Hyclone) containing 1.25 mg / ml trypsin (Sigma - Aldrich) and 2.5 mg / ml collagenase A (Roche Diagnostics)-RSB- for 30 min.

Our data demonstrate that a subset of geniculate ganglion neurons expresses 5 - HT3 receptors and innervates taste buds, including serotonergic type III cells.

In situ hybridization on sections of gustatory ganglia (geniculate, petrosal / nodose) and a somatosensory ganglion (trigeminal) were performed to reveal serotonin receptor gene expression at the cellular level.

F, G, Geniculate ganglion.

Somatosensory innervation of these taste fields arises from the trigeminal nerve; therefore, cells of the geniculate ganglion that innervate taste fields are gustatory rather than somatosensory in function.

Using a mouse expressing GFP under the control of the 5 - HT3A promoter, we found that a subset of geniculate ganglion neurons innervating taste buds expresses GFP, suggesting the presence of 5 - HT3 receptors.

After 5 d, many cells in the geniculate ganglion were labeled with FluoroGold.

RT - PCR shows 5 - HT3A transcripts in geniculate ganglia as well as in brain (Fig. 1A).

In our study, pentobarbital inhibited 5 - HT evoked calcium signals in geniculate ganglion neurons and, at anesthetic levels in mice, significantly inhibits 5 - HT3 function in vivo.

Functional studies show that only those geniculate ganglion cells expressing 5 - HT3A - driven GFP respond to 10 μm 5 - HT and this response is blocked by 1 μm ondansetron, a 5 - HT3 antagonist, and mimicked by application of 10 μm m - chlorophenylbiguanide, a 5 - HT3 agonist.

From these data, we conclude that activation of geniculate ganglion neurons by 5 - HT, as measured by cytosolic Ca2 +, is mediated only by 5 - HT3 receptors.