On the other hand, it seems quite logical that one needs to tap into the heat capacity of these deeper layers to create internal variability
on long time scales.
Where my concern does lie however, is within not knowing the «forces of nature that act on
very long time scale».
Moreover, the team can include effects that happen on
much longer time scales than the interaction of the laser pulse itself and that strongly influence the outcome of experiments.
Complete removal of these anthropogenic emissions may
require long time scales [4], or assistance from large - scale air - capture technologies [5 — 7].
One could argue that the process has the potential to be carbon neutral over
very long time scales but not in the short term.
Second, the very
long time scale of climate change makes the discount rate crucial at the same time as it makes it highly controversial (see Section 3.6.2).
«With the very
long time scales involved, it would be tempting for society to wait until then before doing anything,» company researchers wrote in a 1988 report based on studies completed in 1986.
If annual or decadal time scale events like ENSO are governed by low dimensional chaos, couldn't there also be
longer time scale phenomenon that are chaotic but also relevant on the climate time scale?
Finally, the results by Curry & Mauritzen focused on
longer time scales for which they had collected ocean observations, while only model results were provided for long - term evolution by Hatun et al..
Is there any imaginable state of affairs on decadal or slighlty
longer time scale which is inconsistent with models?
The scientists could now show in their study that even seemingly «normal» diffusion processes in certain cases may violate ergodicity on
surprisingly long time scales.
The geological search for ancient life frequently zeroes in on fossilized organic structures or biominerals that can serve as «biosignatures,» that survive in the rock record over
extremely long time scales.
We developed the Internal Coordinate Molecular Dynamics (ICMD) algorithms in the early 1990s to enable larger simulation time - steps and they show great promise in
long time scale simulations.
As a NIH - NIGMS project and in collaboration with Dr. Abhi Jain at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech, we are developing the ICMD methods called Generalized Newton - Euler Inverse Mass Operator (GNEIMO) to
enable long time scale and wider conformational search simulations.
An increase in the sun's irradiance such as occurs over the 11 - year sunspot cycle (or
potentially longer time scales) warms the stratosphere (due to increased absorbtion by ozone) but it also warms the troposphere.
Therefore, it is important to know its variability in order to study large scale HMF dynamics and the heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays on
long time scale including the centennial trends.
The net effect of such compensations is that averages over larger areas or
longer time scales commonly will give smaller estimates of change.
On
still longer time scales, acidification by the invading CO2 dissolves carbonate sediments on the sea floor, which further enhances ocean uptake.