Nevertheless, both caregiver and self - report
of externalizing symptoms were associated with male gender and adherence, and utilizing mean scores of the two reporters yielded a good model fit.
The study was performed to examine whether the model could discriminate youth with depressive disorders from youth
with externalizing symptoms.
Second, we tested whether these gender differences were mediated (accounted for) by gender differences in mental health symptoms,
primarily externalizing symptoms based on the prevalence of these symptoms among males.
Conclusions Results suggest that gender differences in adherence may be attributed, in part, to gender differences in
externalizing symptoms in urban youth with poor metabolic control.
Criterion 2 for mediation, that boys have higher levels of mental health symptoms, was met
for externalizing symptoms, but the relationship between anxiety and gender was in the opposite direction.
School maladjustment was considered the closest index of self - report of
externalizing symptoms as it includes sensation seeking behavior as well as attitudes toward school and teachers.
Perceived optimal paternal parenting, but not maternal parenting, in interaction with childhood externalizing problems
predicted externalizing symptoms in early adulthood.
Our results suggest that optimal parenting of both parents is essential in social emotional development and an optimal parenting style of the father may moderate
externalizing symptoms from pre-puberty to puberty.
In this developmental trajectory, childhood impulsivity and behavioral disinhibition predict disruptive behavior disorders and
increased externalizing symptoms in adolescence, which is further exacerbated by environmental risk, ultimately leading to comorbid externalizing and SUDs into adulthood [80].
Concerning the second path linking higher maternal depressive symptoms to higher
externalizing symptoms assessed by mothers mediated by lower coparenting support, the unstandardized indirect effect was -LRB--0.040)-LRB--0.625) = 0.025 and the standardized indirect effect was -LRB--0.309)-LRB--0.517) = 0.160.
Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between verbal learning and internalizing, trauma - related and
externalizing symptoms among early - onset, persistently delinquent adolescents.
In contrast to adults, the clinical presentation of depressive disorder in adolescence frequently involves irritable mood and externalized symptoms [1].
We used latent growth curve modeling to characterize trajectories of youth internalizing and
externalizing symptom change across the 3 waves.
Our findings suggest that such a developmental model would need to consider the effect of internalizing symptoms in the context of
co-occurring externalizing symptoms and to distinguish trajectories use / no use and amount of use that span early to late adolescence.
The indirect effects of gender on adherence and HbA1C
through externalizing symptoms were significant when assessed by bootstrapped standard errors, p =.02 and.03, respectively.
These findings are consistent with two other studies
finding externalizing symptoms to be more relevant to adherence concerns than internalizing symptoms, particularly in an urban population (Cohen et al., 2004; Leonard et al., 2002).
To examine symptom codevelopment trajectories, we identified latent classes of individuals based on internalizing and
externalizing symptoms across ages 3 — 9 and found three symptom codevelopment classes: normative symptoms (low), severe - decreasing symptoms (initially high but rapidly declining), and severe symptoms (high) trajectories.
For 70 % of children with ASD, additional internalizing and
externalizing symptoms meet the criteria for at least one comorbid diagnosis (e.g., Simonoff et al. 2008).
Although the above studies were conducted with primarily Caucasian, middle - class samples, there is also evidence to suggest that among low socioeconomic status (SES) samples with poor metabolic
control externalizing symptoms may be more highly linked to the development of poor health outcomes than internalizing symptoms.
However, research shows that only a small portion of those who witness community violence will exhibit symptomology like the disorders discussed here and an even smaller amount of children will
exhibit externalized symptoms.
Insecure — preoccupied attachment was associated with higher levels of adolescent reporting of internalizing and
externalizing symptoms relative to parent reports of adolescent symptomatology.
Externalizing symptoms robustly predict adolescent substance use (SU); however, findings regarding internalizing symptoms have been mixed, suggesting that there may be important moderators of the relationship between internalizing problems and SU.