Sentences with word «costimulatory»

The role of costimulatory signals in T cell induction was evaluated in mice lacking the interleukin - 2 (IL - 2) gene.

Newly - discovered mechanism of action of the bacterial superantigen toxins: Superantigens bind to both B7 - 2 and CD28, the major costimulatory receptors expressed on human immune cells.

Although the vesicles exclude soluble lysosomal contents and antigen - processing machinery, many contain MHC I and B7 costimulatory molecules.

CpG stimulation of precursor B lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia induces a distinct change in costimulatory molecule expression and shifts allogeneic T cells towards a Th1 response.

Bacterial superantigens thus induce the pathogenic immune storm by strongly enhancing formation of the B7 - 2 / CD28 costimulatory axis.

We are currently investigating the role of various T - cell costimulatory pathways in regulating the humoral and cellular responses to and between DENV and ZIKV, and are defining the particular pathways that should be targeted to maximize safety and efficacy of vaccines.

Unexpectedly, the superantigen strongly promotes the interaction between the major costimulatory receptors, B7 - 2 and CD28, and this turns out to be critical for its ability to elicit an immune storm.

Single - cell differential gene expression analysis revealed a spectrum of known transcripts, including several linked to cytotoxic and costimulatory function that are expressed at higher levels in the TEMRA (effector memory T cells expressing CD45RA) subset, which is highly enriched for CD4 - CTLs, compared with CD4 + T cells in the central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) subsets.

Dr. Sharpe's functional analysis of costimulatory pathways regulating T cell activation has led to understanding of (1) the roles of B7 - 1 and B7 - 2 as positive regulators through CD28 and (2) negative regulators through CTLA - 4, and (3) the role of PD - L1 and PD - L2 as negative regulators through PD - 1.

The research group of Prof. Finke was able to show for the first time that these important costimulatory receptors are produced by ILC3s when they are activated through inflammatory signals such as the soluble factor IL - 1β.

Blastogenesis, entry into cell cycle, and upregulation of many surface molecules (e.g. CD25, CD69) occur equivalently regardless of the presence of costimulation, and expression of only two molecules, namely membrane - bound CD40L and secreted IL - 2, critically require costimulatory signals (Jaiswal, 1996, Int Immunol; Croft, 1997, J Immunol).

Sustained survivin expression from OX40 costimulatory signals drives T cell clonal expansion.

Costimulatory members of the TNFR family: Keys to Effective T cell immunity.

Initial studies demonstrated that ligation of 4 - 1BB on T cells could deliver costimulatory signals resulting in either increased proliferation or enhanced cytokine secretion and also control clonal expansion and differentiation of effector and memory T cells.

The response of T cells can be controlled by costimulatory molecules present on APC that interact with co-receptors present on the T cell.

Functionally, T cells stimulated by antigen but without costimulatory signals, are able to proliferate and expand in numbers, but only transiently, with proliferation being very short - lived and few T cells being able to survive over time (Rogers, 1998, J Immunol).

The focus of the Croft laboratory is how both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are regulated either intrinsically by direct signaling or extrinsically by regulatory T cell subsets, with particular emphasis on so - called costimulatory receptor - ligands that positively, and in some cases negatively, affect how a T cell responds and how well a T cell responds.

Dr. Freeman's laboratory focuses on the identification and function of T cell costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways in regulating T cell activation and application of this knowledge to the development of more effective immunotherapies for cancer, infections, asthma, and autoimmune diseases.

Upregulation of costimulatory molecules induced by lipopolysaccharide and double - stranded RNA occurs by Trif - dependent and Trif - independent pathways.

These include T - cell depletion by apoptosis; anergy (ie, the process by which T cells that are presented with a peptide in the absence of costimulatory signals become refractory to further stimulation with the antigen and are therefore inactivated); and the development of regulatory T cells, which can actively suppress antigen - specific responses following re-challenge with the antigen.

Immune activation (as evidenced by dendritic cell pro-inflammatory cytokine production, expression of costimulatory molecules, and increased natural killer counts) is associated with poor prognosis.

Thus, transport of peptide — MHC II complexes by DCs not only accomplishes transfer from late endocytic compartments to the plasma membrane, but does so in a manner that selectively concentrates TCR ligands and costimulatory molecules for T cell contact.

After arrival at the cell surface, the MHC and costimulatory molecules remain clustered.

Insight into this mechanism led the researchers to design new peptides — snippets of the human B7 - 2 receptor protein — that powerfully block the binding of a superantigen to its costimulatory receptor targets, and thereby protect against lethal toxic shock, as they showed in animals.

A normal immune response is mediated by an antigen through the joining of cells through well - known receptors on their surface, a process that is helped by the so - called «costimulatory» receptors.

Formation of the costimulatory axis was already known to be important for a full immune response, but the present findings propel this axis to the foreground as a key bottleneck.

To do so, Olthoff and her colleagues engineered a virus to make a protein called CTLA4Ig, which blocks the costimulatory signal.

Because previous work in rats and monkeys has found that proteins that block the costimulatory signal can hold T cells at bay, Kim Olthoff, a transplant surgeon at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center in Philadelphia, thought her team could achieve a targeted immune suppression by getting the transplanted organ itself — rather than proteins injected into the bloodstream — to block the costimulatory signal.

But before immune - system fighters called T cells will attack foreign tissue, they must first get a confirmation order of sorts: a costimulatory signal.

When TLRs are triggered by lipopolysaccharides, oral Langerhans cells upregulate expression of coinhibitory molecules B7 - H1 and B7 - H3, whereas expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 (B7 - 2) is decreased.

Costimulatory B7 - H1 in renal cell carcinoma patients: Indicator of tumor aggressiveness and potential therapeutic target.

Costimulatory molecule B7 - H1 in primary and metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways together with metabolic pathways orchestrate the fate of lymphocytes after antigenic stimulation.

In 2002, his group was the first to report the design of «second - generation» CARs that, in addition to a binding domain outside of the T cell and a signaling domain inside, included a costimulatory domain designed to promote cell proliferation and survival.

Ligation of TCRs and the costimulatory receptor CD28 with Ag leads to rapid activation of PI3K / Akt / mTOR (11, 12) and initiates a series of downstream events to ensure the rapid proliferation and facilitate the immune function of T cells (13, 14).

Dr. Sharpe's laboratory currently investigates the roles of T cell costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways in regulating T cell tolerance and effective antimicrobial and antitumor immunity, and translating fundamental understanding of T cell costimulation into new therapies for autoimmune diseases and cancer.

Involved in the costimulatory signal essential for T - cell receptor (TCR)- mediated T - cell activation.

This was consistent with poor expression of MHC antigens and that of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and ICOSL (Figure 1d).