The purpose of the current study was to examine the impacts of four different types of exercise
on depressive symptoms in community - dwelling older adults.
Very limited research has been conducted to determine the long - term effects of different exercise
models on depressive symptoms in the elderly.
These results indicate that relationships with children had an
impact on depressive symptoms only for widowers, whereas cohabitation with children had an impact on such symptoms only for widows.
The purposes of the study were: (1) to examine the impacts of four different types of exercise on preventing depressive symptoms in older adults using Taiwan as an example and (2) to test the effects of changes in exercise status during a specific period of
time on depressive symptoms in the elderly.
Efficacy (as a continuous outcome), measured by the overall mean change
scores on depressive symptom scales (self - rated or assessor - rated), for example, Children's Depression Rating Scale (CDRS - R) 32 and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) 33 from baseline to endpoint.
We applied generalised linear mixed models via PROC GLIMMIX to estimate the effects of different transitional patterns of exercise
on depressive symptoms with HLDS as the event, after adjusting for the previous CESD score, age, gender, level of education, marital status, smoking, physical function, emotional support, social participation, self - rated health, economic satisfaction, employment and 10 chronic conditions.
The effect size of empty - nest syndrome on loneliness was highly significant, while the effect size of empty - nest
syndrome on depressive symptoms was slightly significant (Cohen's d = 0.97 and 0.28, respectively).
Patients» self rated health, as well as the functional limitations their illness imposed, appeared to have a mediating
role on the depressive symptoms they experienced.
Similarly, it has been shown that mild symptoms of depression increase mortality risk after acute myocardial infarction.45 A Cochrane review and a meta - meta - analysis on the effectiveness of PA interventions for the treatment of depression in clinical46 and non-clinical samples47 summarised that there appeared to be a moderate positive effect of increased
PA on depressive symptoms.
Marital therapy has been suggested as a treatment for couples with a depressed spouse on the basis of the strong association between depressive symptoms and marital distress; the role played by marital negative factors on onset and maintenance of depressive disorders; and the possible buffering effect of interpersonal support and enhanced
intimacy on depressive symptoms.
Research investigating the influence of cross-partner effects of self - rated
health on depressive symptoms finds that they are significant in clinical samples (Coyne et al., 1987; Fultz et al., 2005) and in general community samples (Galbaud du Fort, Kovess, & Bouvin, 1994; McLeod, 1993).
These analyses suggest that examining both enduring and fluctuating effects of the health experienced by patients and
spouses on depressive symptoms increases our understanding of the contextual nature of the marital relationship.
Additionally, mediation of PDFY's effect
on depressive symptoms through reduced poly - substance use was tested; the indirect effect was only marginally significant for participants in the control group.
As the first evidence that within - youth improvements in self - efficacy has developmental benefits, our findings help fill a long empty niche in the line of studies investigating the impact of efficacy
beliefs on depressive symptoms.