Valuation measures refer to tools or methods used to determine the worth or value of something. It helps us assess how much something is worth, like a company, a stock, or an asset. These measures take into account various factors and indicators to provide an estimate of the value, helping investors or individuals make informed decisions about buying or selling.
Full definition
When you look back on this moment in history, remember that spectacular extremes in
reliable valuation measures already told you how the story would end.
As a reminder, the table below compares the historical reliability of a variety of alternative
valuation measures in data from 1950 - 2017.
Looking at
other valuation measures, the group of passing companies is priced more richly than the typical exchange - listed stock.
Deep Value investors employ a more extreme version of value investing that is characterized by holding the stocks of companies with extremely
low valuation measures.
Our long - term forecasts are based on our assessment of
current valuation measures, economic growth and inflation prospects, as well as historical risk premiums.
With the most historically reliable
valuation measures about 2.8 times their historical norms, these extreme starting valuations are worth considering here.
While we prefer to compare market capitalization with corporate gross value added, including estimated foreign revenues, the following chart provides a longer historical perspective of where reliable
valuation measures stand at present.
The consequence of the delusion that «
old valuation measures no longer apply» was predictably wicked, as it was after the 1969, 1972, 2000 and 2007 extremes.
But one should keep an eye on top
down valuation measures, if for no other reason than to confirm an investment idea that already makes sense to you — long or short.
Equally worthy of note, the very
same valuation measures during the bullish peaks in the 20 - year period never approached the mindless extremes that exist at present.
Perhaps there are four: easy credit conditions, a significant trend - breaking event, the lack of
plausible valuation measures and an appealing story.
One way to assess broad market value and expected returns is to look at a
relative valuation measure and track subsequent market returns.
There will always be conceptual issues with any
single valuation measure, so the best we can do is evaluate valuations from the standpoint of multiple historically reliable approaches.
Deep Value investors employ a more extreme version of value investing that is characterized by holding the stocks of companies with extremely
low valuation measures.
«Capitalization rate (or «Cap Rate») is a real estate
valuation measure used to compare different real estate investments.
This is not sustainable, and long -
term valuation measures like the Q - ratio and CAPE10 indicate a market 20 % or so overvalued.
From a cyclical perspective, however, the most historically reliable
market valuation measures remain so extreme that a 40 - 55 % loss in the S&P 500 would be only historically run - of - the - mill completion of this market cycle.
In their March 2012 paper, «
Analyzing Valuation Measures: A Performance Horse - Race over the past 40 Years,» Wes Gray and Jack Vogel asked, «Do long - term, normalized price ratios outperform single - year price ratios?»
All the
historical valuation measures of stocks and markets point to them being fully valued, and that doesn't mean they're overvalued or anywhere near bubble territory.
Since the «autocorrelation» of
good valuation measures tends to hit zero at a horizon of about 12 years, we tend to prefer that horizon in various charts discussing the long - term implication of market valuations.
The equity market is well above where long - term
valuation measures like the Q - ratio, and CAPE10 would value it.
Price - to - Cash - Flow Ratio (P / CF): A
stock valuation measure calculated by dividing a firm's cash flow per share into the current stock price.
Put simply,
when valuation measures are steeply elevated but investors remain inclined to speculate, as evidenced by very broad uniformity of market action and the absence of internal divergences, rich valuations often have little effect on market outcomes.
The Shiller price - to - earnings (P / E) ratio is a cyclically
adjusted valuation measure defined as price divided by average of the past 10 years of earnings adjusted for inflation.
On valuation measures most strongly correlated with actual subsequent S&P 500 nominal total returns, we presently expect negative total returns for the S&P 500 on a 10 - year horizon, and total returns averaging only about 1 % annually over the coming 12 - year period (chart).
The problem is when investors adopt theories and models that embed the most optimistic assumptions possible, run contrary to historical evidence, or embed subtle peculiarities that actually drive the results (see, for example, the «
novel valuation measures» section of The Diva is Already Singing).
One
great valuation measure is EBITDA (earnings before interest, depreciation, and amortization) divided by Enterprise Value (sometimes called «takeover value», calculated as market value of a company, plus debt, minus cash).
Even if the growth rates of nominal GDP and U.S. corporate revenues (including foreign revenues) over the coming 20 years match their 4 % growth rate of the past 20 years, and even if the most reliable
valuation measures merely touch their historical norms 20 years from today, the S&P 500 Index two decades from now will trade more than 20 % lower than where it trades today.
Moreover, the most reliable
valuation measures uniformly imply the likelihood of negative total returns in the S&P 500 over the coming 10 - 12 year period.
One might object that the best -
performing valuation measures mute the effect of variations in corporate profit margins to one extent or another.