Understanding the Role of
Apolipoprotein E in Microglia Edoardo Marcora, PhD Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (New York, NY)
A multilevel analysis of the influence
of Apolipoprotein E genotypes on depressive symptoms in late - life moderated by the environment
Using a small fragment of
apolipoprotein B as a guide, Brian Spencer, a postdoctoral fellow in the Verma lab and the study's lead author, successfully shepherded the enzyme glucocerebrosidase into the brains of adult mice.
For decades, scientists have known that people with two copies of a gene called
apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) are much more likely to have Alzheimer's disease at age 65 than the rest of the population.
Just realized that since virgin olive oil caused an increase
in apolipoprotein B while walnuts & almonds caused a decrease, the whole food does have a more beneficial effect on LDL - p than the refined oil in this case, correct?
He was also missing the Alzheimer's susceptibility allele apo, a well - established variant of a gene
for apolipoprotein E carried by approximately two out of three patients.
Dietary omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and Alzheimer's disease: interaction
with apolipoprotein E genotype.
The relations between fat from cheese and apo (a), between fat from ice cream and the insulin sensitivity index, and between fat from butter and BMI, HDL cholesterol, LDL - HDL ratio, and
apolipoprotein A-I also remained significant after adjustment for physical activity.
Together, they looked at two well - known genetic risk factors for CKD in black people, the mutated G1 or G2 variations in the gene known as
apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1).
People with one copy of the variant, called
apolipoprotein E-e4 (APOE e4), have a 29 % lifetime risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, while people who don't have it have a 9 % risk.
Low - density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, which can be found on the surface of most cells including endothelial cells, for example, shuttle large molecules such
as apolipoprotein B across the blood - brain barrier.
Campbell is justified in noting the link
between apolipoprotein B (apo - B) and cardiovascular disease in the China Study data, a connection widely recognized by the medical community today.
At apolipoprotein A-V (APOA5), carriers of rare non-synonymous mutations were at 2.2-fold increased risk for MI.
Long - term Western diet
fed apolipoprotein E-deficient rats exhibit only modest early atherosclerotic characteristics — Ida Rune — Scientific Reports
They tested this idea by administering the primary component of HDL, a protein called
apolipoprotein AI, to their mice.
Contrasting the results of the current study, other studies have shown a reduction in HDL - cholesterol and
apolipoprotein A-1 when saturated fat has been replaced with carbs (8, 9).
Dr. Mahley, along with Gladstone Investigator Yadong Huang, MD, PhD, will use the funding to identify new chemical compounds that can
target apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4)-- the strongest genetic risk factor for developing Alzheimer's.
Hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and plasma triglycerides (TGs) correlate strongly with
plasma apolipoprotein C - III (ApoC - III) levels.
ROC curve analysis: an example showing the relationships among serum lipid and
apolipoprotein concentrations in identifying patients with coronary artery disease
In the presence of monensin (an inhibitor of protein secretion), the cells secrete cholesterol, but
little apolipoprotein E.
In addition, this proportion was cut back by 12 % if smoking was eliminated; 9 % for cardiac (heart) causes, 4 % for diabetes, 6 % for alcohol intake, 6 % for stress, and 27 % for lipids (the study
used apolipoproteins, which was found to be a better predictor of stroke than total cholesterol).
They also
tracked Apolipoprotein E (APOE 4), a well - known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's, as well as lifetime cumulative exposure to unhealthy levels of PM2.5 — particles which are at least 30 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair and frequently cause the haze over urban areas.
The researchers found that
apolipoproteins APOE2, APOE3 and APOE4 have different abilities to transfer lipids from neurons to glia and hence differ in their ability to mediate the accumulation of lipid droplets.
The paper «Gain of
toxic Apolipoprotein E4 effects in Human iPSC - Derived Neurons Is Ameliorated by a Small - Molecule Structure Corrector» was published by Nature Medicine on April 9, 2018.
Abbreviations: LDLR = LDL receptor; APOB / A1
= apolipoprotein B - 100 / A1; PCSK9 = proprotein convertase subtilisin / kexin type 9; SREBP - 1 / 2 = sterol regulatory element - binding protein 1/2; LPL = lipoprotein lipase; FATP2 / 4/5 = fatty acid transporter protein 2 / 4/5; FASN = fatty acid synthase; SCD5 = stearoyl - CoA desaturase 5; ACADL = acyl - CoA dehydrogenase; L - FABP = liver fatty acid - binding protein; and CPT1A = carnitine O - palmitoyltransferase 1.
Additional studies indicate that
impaired Apolipoprotein E function, which also increases oxidative stress and is also associated with AD, potentiates the deleterious activity of PS - 1.
For example, we identified processes that can explain
why apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is the main genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and also worsens outcome after traumatic brain injury.
In 1999, he was named an Alexander Hollaender Distinguished Fellow where he identified a
novel apolipoprotein (ApoA5) involved in human and mouse triglyceride metabolism.